Dysphagia
Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is usually caused by another underlying condition affecting the muscles, nerves, or structures involved in swallowing. Common culprits include neurological conditions like stroke or dementia, oesophageal issues like strictures or tumours, and even certain medications. However it is a concerning symptom and prompt investigation is recommended.
Oesophageal Issues:
· Strictures:
Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, often from acid reflux (GERD) or other causes, can make it difficult to swallow.
· Tumours:
Growths in the esophagus can physically obstruct swallowing.
· Esophageal Spasm:
Uncontrolled muscle contractions in the esophagus can cause swallowing problems.
· Esophageal Webs or Rings:
Thin membranes or bands of tissue in the esophagus can also cause difficulty swallowing.
Muscular Issues:
· Achalasia:
A condition where the lower esophageal sphincter doesn't relax properly, preventing food from passing into the stomach.
· Muscle Weakness or Damage:
Conditions that affect the muscles used for swallowing, such as muscular dystrophy, can cause dysphagia.
Other Causes:
Medications: Some medications, particularly those that affect the nervous system, can have side effects that include difficulty swallowing.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation treatments for head and neck cancers can damage the tissues and salivary glands, leading to swallowing problems.
Infections or Inflammation: Swelling or inflammation in the mouth, throat, or esophagus, such as from infections or allergic reactions, can make it difficult to swallow.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Frequent acid reflux can damage the esophagus, leading to strictures or other problems that cause dysphagia.
Birth Defects: Conditions like cleft palate can make it difficult for babies to suck and swallow properly.
Head and Neck Cancer: Cancers in the head and neck can physically obstruct swallowing.
Zenker's Diverticulum: A pouch that can form in the throat, making it difficult to swallow.