Oesophageal Cancer
Oesophageal cancer is a disease where cancerous cells develop in the oesophagus, also known as the gullet or food pipe. This tube connects the throat to the stomach and helps carry food and liquids. The cancer can occur anywhere along the oesophagus and is classified into types based on the cells involved. The two most common types are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Types of Oesophageal Cancer:
· Squamous cell carcinoma:
This type develops in the flat, thin cells lining the oesophagus and is more common in the upper and middle parts.
· Adenocarcinoma:
This type develops in the glandular cells, often in the lower oesophagus near the stomach, or in areas where squamous cells have been replaced by glandular cells (Barrett's oesophagus).
Symptoms:
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) is a common early symptom.
Pain or a burning sensation when swallowing.
Feeling like food is stuck in the throat or chest.
Heartburn or acid reflux.
Indigestion.
Weight loss.
Vomiting.
Coughing or hoarseness.
Risk Factors:
Smoking and alcohol: Both increase the risk of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
Obesity: Linked to adenocarcinoma.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can lead to Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma.
Age: Oesophageal cancer is more common in people over 60.
Gender: More common in men.
Diet: A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables may increase risk.
Diagnosis:
· Upper endoscopy:
A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted to visualize the oesophagus.
· Biopsy:
Tissue samples are taken for microscopic examination.
· Imaging tests:
CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can help assess the extent of the cancer.
· Endoscopic ultrasound:
Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to provide detailed images and assess tumor depth.
Treatment:
Surgery: May involve removing part or all of the oesophagus.
Chemotherapy: Can be used before or after surgery, or as a primary treatment in some cases.
Radiotherapy: Can be used before or after surgery, or as a primary treatment.
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: May be used in some cases.
Prognosis:
The overall 5-year survival rate is around 21%, but this varies greatly depending on the stage at diagnosis.
Early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of survival.