A paraoesophageal hernia, also known as a Type II, III, or IV hiatal hernia, occurs when part of the stomach bulges into the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, called the hiatus. Unlike sliding hernias, where the stomach pushes through the hiatus, paraoesophageal hernias have the stomach positioned alongside the oesophagus in the chest, and may not be able to return to their normal position in the abdomen.

What it is:

A paraoesophageal hernia is a type of hiatal hernia where a portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest next to the oesophagus.

How it happens:

The diaphragm, a muscle separating the chest and abdomen, has an opening called the hiatus through which the oesophagus and stomach pass. In a paraoesophageal hernia, the stomach bulges through the hiatus, staying alongside the oesophagus.
Symptoms:

Paraoesophageal hernias can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath. Some people may not experience any symptoms.

Complications:

Large hernias can cause back pain or a twisting of the stomach, potentially cutting off blood supply, which can be a medical emergency.

Treatment:

Surgery is usually necessary to repair paraoesophageal hernias, especially if they cause symptoms or complications. Laparoscopic surgery (minimally invasive surgery) is a common approach.